Religious Tradition and Technology: Debate among Penghulus about Online Marriage Law in Banjarmasin
Abstract
This article explores the perspectives of penghulus (marriage functionaries) in Banjarmasin regarding online marriage contracts, navigating the interplay between religious tradition and technological. Drawing upon differences in interpretation among Islamic jurists, the article elucidates varying views on the validation of marriage contracts, focusing on the concept of ittiḥād al-majlis (unity of session). This concept significantly shapes penghulus’ opinions on the legitimacy of online marriage contracts. Against this backdrop, the article analyses the factors driving discourse among penghulus regarding online marriage contracts and their implications within Banjarese community. Conducting interviews with 12 penghulus in Banjarmasin over a three-month period from September to November 2023, the study underscores the importance of religious tradition in Banjarmasin society and its adaptation to technological progress in interpreting Islamic law. The study finds that while the majority of penghulus oppose online marriage contracts, a minority endorse them under specific conditions. Those against them argue that ittiḥād al-majlis necessitates the physical presence of all parties in one location during the marriage contract process, whereas proponents contend that the virtual realm fulfills this criterion. These findings reflect the ongoing societal dialogue regarding the interpretation of religious doctrines and technological innovations, offering valuable insights into the intersection of religious tradition and technology in contemporary Islamic jurisprudence.
[Studi ini menginvestigasi perspektif para penghulu di Kota Banjarmasin terkait hukum akad nikah secara online, yang mencerminkan pergumulan antara tradisi keagamaan dan kemajuan teknologi. Dengan mengacu pada perbedaan pendapat para ulama fikih tradisional, artikel ini mengidentifikasi perbedaan dalam penafsiran terhadap ittiḥād al-majlis sebagai salah satu syarat ijab dan kabul dalam perkawinan, yang mempengaruhi pendapat para penghulu tentang sah tidaknya akad nikah secara online. Di tengah kompleksitas ini, artikel bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang membentuk perdebatan para penghulu terkait hukum akad nikah secara online serta implikasinya dalam konteks masyarakat Banjar. Dengan mewawancarai 12 penghulu di Kota Banjarmasin selama tiga bulan, dari September sampai November 2023, studi ini menyoroti pentingnya tradisi keagamaan dalam masyarakat Banjar dan adaptasi terhadap perkembangan teknologi dalam penafsiran terhadap hukum Islam. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas penghulu menolak akad nikah secara online, sementara sebagian kecil memperbolehkannya dengan syarat tertentu. Mayoritas penghulu yang menolak menginterpretasikan ittiḥād al-majlis dengan keharusan kehadiran para pihak secara fisik dalam satu tempat dalam prosesi akad nikah, sedangkan sebagian kecil yang membolehkan memandang bahwa ruang virtual telah memenuhi kriteria ittiḥād al-majlis tersebut. Temuan ini mencerminkan perdebatan yang sedang berlangsung dalam masyarakat terkait penafsiran terhadap ajaran agama dan perkembangan teknologi, memberikan wawasan yang berharga tentang dinamika tradisi keagamaan dan teknologi dalam pemikiran hukum Islam kontemporer.]
References
AA. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict South Banjarmasin, October 15, 2023.
‘Ābidīn, Muḥammad Amīn ibn. Radd Al-Muḥtār ‘alā al-Dar al-Mukhtār Sharḥ Tanwīr al-Abṣār. Vol. 4. 14 vols. Riyāḍ: Dār ‘Ālam al-Kutub, 2003.
Afandi. “Jika Pandemi Berlanjut, Nikah Virtual Bisa Menjadi Tren Baru.” Muhammadiyah (blog), July 25, 2021. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/2021/07/jika-pandemi-berlanjut-nikah-virtual-bisa-menjadi-tren-baru/.
AH. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict East Banjarmasin, September 30, 2023.
Ahmad, Muhammad Hazim, Ahmad Syukran Baharuddin, Hasnizam Hashim, Hendun Abd Rahman Shah, Aminuddin Ruskam, and Mohammad Amir Wan Harun. “Rejuvenating Human Capital in Syariah Legal Institutions through Fiqh Forensics Fundamental Module: A Preliminary Review.” Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 9–24. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v8i1.191.
Al-Hatem, Nadia Khair al-Din, and Muhammad, Najwa Muhammad Salem. “The Provisions of the Marriage Contract Using Modern Means of Communication - a Comparative Study -.” Tikrit University Journal for Rights 7, no. 3/1 (2023). https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/271853.
Al-Hayani, Fatima Agha. “Islam and Science: Contradiction or Concordance.” Zygon® Journal of Religion and Science 40, no. 3 (2005): 565–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2005.00688.x.
Ali, Ausaf. “Islam, Science, and Islamic Social Ethics.” Islamic Studies 35, no. 4 (1996): 373–408.
Al-Maliki, Muhammad Alwi, and Asep Saepudin Jahar. “Dinamika Hukum Akad Nikah via Teleconference di Indonesia.” Jurnal Indo-Islamika 10, no. 2 (2020): 107–18. https://doi.org/10.15408/idi.v10i2.17523.
AN. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict Central Banjarmasin, November 4, 2023.
AR. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict South Banjarmasin, October 15, 2023.
Ansori, Ansori. “Position of Fatwa in Islamic Law: The Effectiveness of MUI, NU, and Muhammadiyah Fatwas.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 22, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 53–72. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i1.53-72.
Australia, A. B. C. “‘Ijab Kabul yang Menegangkan’, Pasangan Indonesia-Australia Nikah Lewat Zoom.” detiknews. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://news.detik.com/abc-australia/d-5075557/ijab-kabul-yang-menegangkan-pasangan-indonesia-australia-nikah-lewat-zoom.
AB. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict Martapura Kota, October 26, 2023.
Bouzenita, Anke Iman. “Change of Creation or Harnessing Nature? The Reception of Biotechnology in the Islamic World.” Islamic Studies 48, no. 4 (2009): 499–523.
Bujairamī, Sulaymān ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Umar. Ḥāshiya al-Bujairamī ‘alā al-Khaṭīb. Vol. 3. 4 vols. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1995.
Buseri, Kamrani. “Spiritual Culture of Banjar Sultanate (Historical, Hermeneutic and Educational Approach).” Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 5, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 303–18. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v5i3.151.
Dahlan, Abdurrahman, Bagus Haziratul Qodsiyah, Azizah Azizah, Asmawi Asmawi, and Djawahir Hejazziey. “Al-Buti’s Thoughts on Maslāhah and Its Application in the Fatwa of World Fatwa Institutions.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 7, no. 2 (June 18, 2023): 1148–70. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.17552.
Effendi, Satria. Problematika Hukum Keluarga Islam Kontemporer, Analisis Yurisprudensi Pendekatan Ushuliyyah. Jakarta: Kencana, 2010.
Faisal, F., Ahmad Isnaeni, Moh Bahrudin, and N. Nasruddin. “Marriage Contract through Visualization of Online Video Call Communication Media According to Marriage Law and Islamic Law in Indonesia.” SMART: Journal of Sharia, Tradition, and Modernity 1, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.24042/smart.v1i1.9847.
Farisi, Usman Al, Fakhrurazi Fakhrurazi, Sadari Sadari, Nurhadi Nurhadi, and Risdianto Risdianto. “Negotiation Between Customary Law and Islamic Law: The Practice of Palang Pintu in the Traditional Marriage in the Betawi Muslim Community.” De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar’iah 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 268–85. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v15i2.21241.
Febriani, Gresnia Arela. “Kisah Pasangan Taaruf Gelar Akad Nikah Online karena Mempelai Pria di Jepang.” wolipop. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://wolipop.detik.com/wedding-news/d-5760634/kisah-pasangan-taaruf-gelar-akad-nikah-online-karena-mempelai-pria-di-jepang.
Firdaus, Zein, Muhammad Marbawi, and Muhammad Wildan Afif. “Banjar Cultural Marriage Taboos and Analysis of the Prohibition of Marriage in Kitabun Nikah by Sheikh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari.” El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 183–92. https://doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v6i1.18961.
HA. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict Central Banjarmasin, November 4, 2023.
Hafidzi, Anwar, Bahran Bahran, Fuad Luthfi, Rusdiyah Rusdiyah, Mohd Hatta Mohamed Ali, and Ali Banaeian Esfahani. “Sirri Marriage Celebration and Its Impact on Social Change in Banjarese Community, South Kalimantan.” Al-Ahkam 32, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 153–68. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2022.32.2.12789.
Hakim, Abdul, and Bagus Haziratul Qodsiyah. “Online Marriage During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Study of the Fatwas in Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.” Al-’Adalah 19, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 141–60. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v19i1.10720.
Hamdani, Muhammad, Muhammad Riduwan Masykur, and Tutik Hamidah. “Akad Pernikahan Melalui Zoom dalam Perspektif Fikih.” Al-Manhaj: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 423–32. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2181.
Harahap, Khairuddin Soleh, Ahmad Qorib, and Imam Yazid. “Ittiḥād al-Majlis on Marriage Contract According to Hanafiyah and Syafi’iyah (The Study of Online Marriage During Covid-19): Nikah Online.” Jurnal Mahkamah: Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Hukum Islam 7, no. 1 (June 11, 2022): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.25217/jm.v7i1.1871.
Huda, Yasrul, Jajat Burhanuddin, and Mahmood Kooria. “Strengthening the Shafi‘i Madhhab: Malay Kitab Jawi of Fiqh in the 19th Century.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 22, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 259–73. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i2.10282.
Iftidah, Ida. “Pandangan Masyarakat tentang Taukil Wali: Studi di Desa Dempet Kabupaten Demak.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 87–100. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2016.09106.
Indonesia, C. N. N. “Warga Kolaka Menikah Lewat Video Call Gara-Gara Corona.” Nasional. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200326134552-20-487071/warga-kolaka-menikah-lewat-video-call-gara-gara-corona.
Jazīrī, ‘Abdurraḥmān. Al-Fiqh ‘alā al-Madhāhib al-Arba’a. Vol. 4. 5 vols. Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 2002.
JN. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict North Banjarmasin, October 10, 2023.
Kāsānī, ‘Alā’ud-Dīn Abū Bakar ibn Mas’ūd. Badāi’ al-Ṣanāi’ fī Tartīb al-Sharāi’. Vol. 5. 7 vols. Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 1986.
KH. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict South Banjarmasin, October 15, 2023.
Kluckhohn, Clyde. Universal Categories of Culture. Illinois: University of Chicago, 1953.
Makmur, Ahdi. “Peranan Ulama dalam Membina Masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan.” Miqot: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 36, no. 1 (June 2, 2012). https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v36i1.114.
Mansyur, Zaenudin. “Self-Esteem and Fixed Price in Islamic Law (A Critical Study of the Pesuke Tradition among the Nobles of the Sasak Tribe of Lombok).” AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 16, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 180–206. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v16i1.4996.
Marwa, Muhammad Habibi Miftakhul, and Norma Sari. “Akad Nikah Virtual Perawat Saat Covid-19: Tinjauan Hukum Perkawinan Islam dan Hukum Kesehatan.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 29, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 674–97. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol29.iss3.art10.
Maskufa, Dr. “Global Hijriyah Calendar as Challenges Fikih Astronomy.” In Proceedings of 1st International Conference of Law and Justice - Good Governance and Human Rights in Muslim Countries: Experiences and Challenges (ICLJ 2017). Serpong, Indonesia: Atlantis Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2991/iclj-17.2018.39.
Masykhur, Anis. “Titik Singgung Hukum Islam dengan Hukum Adat pada Naskah Perundang-Undangan Kerajaan Islam di Nusantara.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 14, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 295–306. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v14i2.3724.
Minister of State Apparatus Empowerment Regulation No. PER/62/M.PAN/6/2005 on Functional Positions of Penghulu and Their Credit Scores.
MS. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict West Banjarmasin, October 26, 2023.
MUI, Majelis Ulama Indonesia. “Keputusan Ijtima’ Ulama Komisi Fatwa Se-Indonesia VII.” Sekretariat Komisi Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia, 2021. https://muijatim.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/HASIL-IJTIMA_-ULAMA-KOMISI-FATWA-SE-INDONESIA-VII-TAHUN-2021.pdf.
Mun’im DZ, Abdul, ed. Hasil-Hasil Muktamar 32 Nahdlatul Ulama. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jendral PBNU, 2010.
Munisah, Munisah, Ahmadi Hasan, Gusti Muzainah, and Yusuf Setyadi. “Barambangan: Dynamics and Challenges in Resolving Husband and Wife Disputes in the Banjar Community.” Syariah: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran 23, no. 1 (July 17, 2023): 50–60. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v23i1.10290.
Nadhiroh, Wardatun. “Nalar Keberagamaan Masyarakat Banjar: Dari Mistis-Realis hingga Tradisionalis-Kritis.” Al-Banjari: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 18, no. 2 (December 28, 2019): 246–73. https://doi.org/10.18592/al-banjari.v18i2.3003.
———. “Religious and Gender Issues in the Tradition of Basurung and the Polygamy of Banjar Tuan Guru in South Kalimantan.” Al-Albab 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 263–80. https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v6i2.674.
Nadhiroh, Wardatun, and Wardani. “The Dynamics of Qur’anic Text and Translation in Banjarese Ulema’s Works.” Jurnal Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Hadis 24, no. 2 (July 31, 2023): 205–30. https://doi.org/10.14421/qh.v24i2.4764.
Nawawī, Abū Zakariyyā Muhyi’d-Dīn ibn Sharf. Rawḍat al-Ṭālibīn wa ‘Umdat al-Muftīn. 3rd ed. Vol. 7. 12 vols. Beirūt: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1991.
Nurlaelawati, Euis, and Stijn Cornelis van Huis. “The Status of Children Born Out of Wedlock and Adopted Children in Indonesia: Interactions Between Islamic, Adat and Human Rights Norms.” Journal of Law and Religion 34, no. 3 (2019): 356–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2019.41.
Nuruddin, Amiur, and Azhari Akmal Tarigan. Hukum Perdata Islam di Indonesia: Studi Kritis Perkembangan Hukum Islam dari Fikih, UU No. 1/1974, Sampai KHI. Jakarta: Kencana, 2006.
Oktaviani, and Arif Sugitanata. “Memberikan Hak Wali Nikah kepada Kyai: Praktik Taukil Wali Nikah pada Masyarakat Adat Sasak Sade.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 12, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 161–72. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2019.12204.
Peters, Ted, Muzaffar Iqbal, and Syed Nomanul Haq, eds. God, Life, and the Cosmos: Christian and Islamic Perspectives. London: Routledge, 2002.
Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 1991 on the Compilation of Islamic Law.
Qudāmah, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ‘Abdullah ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn. Al-Mughnī. 3rd ed. Vol. 9. 15 vols. Riyāḍ: Dār ‘Ālam al-Kutub, 1997.
R, Miftahul Qodril, Ishaq Ishaq, and Pujiono Pujiono. “Teleconference Marriage Contracts and The Development of Indonesian Marriage Law.” Indonesian Journal of Law and Islamic Law (IJLIL) 4, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 240–85. https://doi.org/10.35719/ijlil.v4i2.255.
RA. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict West Banjarmasin, October 20, 2023.
Regulation of the Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia No. 16 of 2021 on Technical Instructions for the Functional Position of Penghulu.
Renie, Elsy. “The Urgency of Fatwa in the Law of Sharia Economics in Indonesia.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 201. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v20i2.4059.
Saifuddeen, Shaikh Mohd, Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman, Noor Munirah Isa, and Azizan Baharuddin. “Maqasid al-Shariah as a Complementary Framework to Conventional Bioethics.” Science and Engineering Ethics 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 317–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9457-0.
Salamah, Umi, and Tirmidzi Tirmidzi. “Akad Nikah Virtual dalam Tinjauan Hukum Islam.” Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 2, no. 2 (2021): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.46773/usrah.v2i2.334.
Sallom, Dea Salma. “Interpretasi terhadap Syarat Ijab Kabul Ittihad al-Majlis dalam Akad Nikah Perspektif Ulama Empat Madzhab.” Hukum Islam 22, no. 2 (March 14, 2023): 152–75. https://doi.org/10.24014/jhi.v22i2.17428.
Sharwānī, ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd al-Makki, and Aḥmad ibn Qāsim al-‘Ibādī. Ḥawāshī al-Sharwānī wa al-‘Ibādī ‘alā Tuḥfah al-Muḥtāj fī Sharḥ al-Minhāj. Vol. 7. 10 vols. Beirūt: Dār Iḥyā al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, n.d.
———. Ḥawāshī al-Sharwānī wa al-‘Ibādī ‘alā Tuḥfah al-Muḥtāj fī Sharḥ al-Minhāj. Vol. 4. 10 vols. Beirūt: Dār Iḥyā al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, n.d.
Smiṭ, al-Ḥabīb Zain ibn Ibrahīm ibn. Al-Fawāid al-Mukhtāra li Sālik Ṭarīq al-Ākhira. Ma’had Dār al-Lugha wa’l-Da’wa, 2008.
Sobirin, Mohamad, and Karimatul Khasanah. “The Pesantren Scholars’ Fatwa on Global Warming and Climate Change: An Integrative Analysis of Islamic Law, Theology, and Environmental Sciences on the Practice of Multidisciplinary Ijtihad.” Cogent Arts & Humanities 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 2193023. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2193023.
SY. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict East Banjarmasin, September 30, 2023.
Suriansyah, Eka. “Perkawinan Adat Banjar dalam Perspektif Struktural Mitos Levi-Strauss.” El-Mashlahah 9, no. 1 (July 25, 2019): 87–100. https://doi.org/10.23971/el-mas.v9i1.1395.
Taufiq, Muhammad, Mohammad Badruddin Amin, Ahmed Salem Ahmed, and Mohammad Umar Hafiz Mohammad Idrees. “Online Marriage in the Perspective of Fiqh Nawazil.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 21, no. 1 (June 9, 2023): 29–56. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v21i1.861.
Tim Fatwa Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid. “Akad Nikah via Vidieo Call.” Accessed September 30, 2023. http://tarjihmuhammadiyah.blogspot.com/2011/06/akad-nikah-via-vidieo-call.html.
Tim LBM PWNU Jawa Timur. NU Menjawab Problematika Umat: Keputusan Bahtsul Masail PWNU Jawa Timur Jilid 1 1979-2009. Edited by Ahmad Muntaha AM. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Surabaya: LBM PWNU Jawa Timur, 2015.
Trifonova, Inna. “Development Trends of the Marriage Contract Institution in the Digital Age.” In Digital Future Economic Growth, Social Adaptation, and Technological Perspectives, edited by Tatiana Kolmykova and Ekaterina V. Kharchenko, 427–34. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39797-5_43.
Wajidi, Farid, and Fuad Mustafid. “Marriage in the Age of Advancement of Digital Technology: Study of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah Fatwa on the Legality of Marriage via Online.” Yudisia: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum dan Hukum Islam 14, no. 2 (December 11, 2023): 233–50. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v14i2.20315.
ZE. Penghulu of KUA Subdistrict East Banjarmasin, September 30, 2023.
Zaidah, Yusna, A. Fahmi Al-Amruzi, and A. Sukris Sarmadi. “Unveiling the Role of Local Cultural Considerations in Judicial Discretion: An Analysis of Inheritance Decisions in the Religious Courts of South Kalimantan.” Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 23, no. 1 (June 24, 2023): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v23i1.1351.
Zuhailī, Wahbah. Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhu. Vol. 9. 10 vols. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
———. Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhu. Vol. 7. 10 vols. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
———. Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhu. Vol. 4. 10 vols. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
Copyright (c) 2024 Siti Muna Hayati, Husnul Khitam, Zainul Erfan, Afifah Amini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
